Mount Carmel in our times
Mount Carmel is the biblical site
where the prophet Elias battled the 450 priests of Baal in a public
spiritual contest which led to their defeat and ruin as Scriptures aptly
recorded. (1 Kings 18:19-40). It was also here where Elias sent his
servant seven times to the mountaintop to look for rain after years of
drought which ended as he proclaimed, "Behold a little cloud arose out
of the sea like a man's foot." (1 Kings 18:44).
We can find Mount Carmel on the Mediterranean coast of Israel, overlooking the modern-day city of Haifa.
It rises 1742 feet above sea level and towers above the Mediterranean
coastline and its limestone rocks form a cliff-like landscape.
The name "Carmel" means, in Hebrew (
Hakkarmel [with the definite article], "the garden" or "the garden-land" because of its renowned lush and verdant beauty during ancient times. (Isaiah 35:2)
It is known for its cover of flower blossoms, flowering shrubs, and
fragrant herbs. Such was its charm and appeal that it was compared to
the beauty of the bride in Solomon’s song. (Song of Songs 7:5)
Nowadays it comes in various names as Antelope-Nose, Har Karmel, Holy
Headland, Jebel Kurmul, Mar Elyas, Mount of User, Rosh-Kedesh.
Origin of Invocation
The
title of Our Lady of Carmel can be traced back to the hermits who used
to live in the renowned and blessed mountain at the time of the Old
Testament.
There, this pious and austere community prayed in expectation of the
advent of a Virgin-Mother who would bring salvation to mankind much like
the holy prophet Elias who ascended Mount Carmel to pray to God for the
salvation of the Israel which was suffering a terrible drought at that
time.
Elias "went up to the top of Mt. Carmel, and casting himself down
upon the earth put his face between his knees." (1 Kings 18:42).
He persevered in prayer, and as previously mentioned above, sent his
servant several times to the mountaintop to see any sign of foreboding
rain. Elias, never wavering in his confidence, received the good news
on the seventh try, "Behold a little cloud arose out of the sea like a
man's foot." (1 Kings 18:44)
Soon thereafter, torrential rains fell upon the parched land and the people of Israel were saved.
A Prefigure of Our Lady
Elias saw the cloud as a symbol of the Virgin mentioned in the
prophecies of Isaiah (Isaiah 7:14). The hermits took after his example
and prayed likewise for the advent of the much awaited Virgin who would
become the mother of the Messiah. It became their spiritual mission.
Theologians see in that little cloud a figure of
Mary, bringing salvation in the seventh age of the world. As the clouds
arise out of the sea without the weight and the salinity of the waters,
so has Mary arisen out of the human race without suffering its stains.[
1]
Based on the
L’Institution Des Premieres Moines,
a text most singularly representative of the spirit of Carmel and of
its most ancient and quintessential mystical traditions, Elias would
discern from that cloud four secrets from God concerning the birth of
Our Lady:[
2]
1. The Immaculate Conception – because the Virgin
would arise as a cloud out of the salty water of a guilty humanity,
having the same nature of that water but without its bitterness.
2. The Virginity of Mary similar to that of Elias –
because, if she "arose out of Mount Carmel" and "like a man’s foot,"
this means she would follow the path of Elias, who ascended Carmel
through voluntary virginity.
3. The time of the Virgin’s birth – because as
Elias’s servant saw the cloud on his seventh try so would the world
witness the advent of the Virgin in the seventh age of the world.
4. The Virginal Maternity – because, in that little
cloud, God would come down like sweet rain, "without noise of human
collaboration," that is, without violating her purity.
The Spirit of Elias and the Carmelite Order[
3]
Elias
led a hermetic life on Mt. Carmel with special veneration for the Most
Holy Virgin. His disciple Eliseus, who received his mantle, and other
followers, known as Sons of the Prophet as Holy Scriptures described
them, participated in his solitude and became filled with his strength
and spirit. In a holy hereditary succession, they passed on his spirit
and strength to others.
Through the continuous propagation of the above practice, the
foundation and development of the Carmelite order began to take root.
This we learn from tradition, liturgy, works of various authors and
several bulls addressed to the Carmelite Order by Popes John XXII,
Sixtus IV, Julius II, St. Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V and Clement
VIII.
One beautiful passage from a private revelation to
a mystic relates that after the High Priest of Jerusalem had announced
that St. Joseph was to be the husband of Our Lady selected by Our Lord
Himself, "the young man from Bethlehem joined the hermits of Elias on
Mount Carmel and continued to pray fervently for the Messias.[
4]
The first church in honor of Our Lady in the Christian era
According to a long held and pious tradition, backed by Church
Liturgy, a group of men devoted to the prophets Elias and Eliseus
embraced Christianity on the day of Pentecost. They had been the
disciples of St. John the Baptist, who prepared them for the coming of
the Redeemer.
This band of faithful left Jerusalem and settled
on Mt. Carmel. There they erected a church dedicated to Our Lady on the
same spot where Elias saw the little cloud which symbolized both
fertility and the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God. They
adopted the name of
Friars of the Blessed Mary of Mount Carmel. [
5]
Controversy still unsettled
However, in 1668 a Belgian Bollandist and Jesuit hagiographer, Daniel
Van Papenbroek, dismissed the above story as fable or legend for lack
of concrete evidence in the March volumes of the Acta Sanctorum. A
bitter controversy arose that dragged on for years, eventually reaching
Rome in 1698. Innocent XII issued a decree imposing silence over all
concerned parties until a definitive pronouncement could be reached –
which was never formally realized to date.
Nevertheless, in 1725 Benedict XIII granted
permission to the Carmelites, in an apparent show of support and
approval, to erect in St. Peter's among the statues of founders of
Orders and patriarchs, one of Elias with his own inscription fashioned
to the effect that the Carmelites have done so to honor their founder
St. Elias the prophet. [
6]
Be as it may, in spite of the cloud of mystery and controversy
surrounding these beginnings, the Carmelite Order has always claimed
Elias as its own and has seen in him as one who laid the foundations of
the eremitic and prophetic life that formed part of its character.
Establishing spiritual continuity and Marian character
It would take several centuries before historical
and documental proof could be gathered as to the existence of hermits on
Mount Carmel with spiritual links to the prophet Elias. The first
concrete text dates back to 1177 through the writings of the Greek monk
John Phocas.[
7]
The monastic-style spirituality were practiced and observed on Mt.
Carmel through the pioneer efforts of St. Berthold of Mount Carmel, who
may have come to the Holy Land from Limoges, France as a pilgrim to
visit Elias’ cave, or as crusader who engaged in battle. He gathered
other hermits from the West who were scattered throughout Palestine at
that time to form a community imbued with the spirit of Elias. St
Berthold organized them as cenobites, a monastic tradition that stresses
community life under a religious rule.
These
first monks who retired to Mount Carmel in 1150 made their center a
chapel consecrated to our Lady and from the time of Saint Brocard,
successor to St. Berthold and the first Prior General, the nascent
Carmelites were to be known as
Brothers of our Lady of Mount Carmel.
Thus devotion to Our Lady formed a distinctive part of their character
and spirituality. "Despite its historical inexactitudes
L'Institution DesPpremiers Moines
shows that the Order is dominated by the two great figures which
represent, on different levels, its ideal: Elias and our Lady."[
8]
The Carmelite Rule
St. Brocard championed the cause to have the monastic spirit which
they had received from their predecessors be laid down in a holy Rule.
Around 1210, it was given to the Order by St Albert, the Latin patriarch
of Jerusalem, and later finally approved and authorized by Pope
Innocent IV in 1247. The primitive Carmelite rule initially contained
sixteen articles and later underwent some modifications.
St. Simon Stock and the Scapular
Any
account on the story of Our Lady of Mount Carmel could not fail to
mention the role that St. Simon Stock played especially in relation to
the brown scapular. We could trace Simon Stock’s origin to the County of
Kent in England where he was born around 1165. Being of English
descent, he was also known as Simon Anglus.
In the thirteenth century, during the era of the Crusades, he joined a
group of hermits on Mount Carmel who claimed to be the successors of
Elias while on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. As the situation became too
precarious for them due to Saracen threats, the community moved and
settled in Aylesford, England. In 1247, at 82 years old, Simon was
elected the sixth superior-general of the Carmelites at the first
chapter held there. He instituted reforms to best suit Western
conditions and the cenobitical rather than the eremitical way of life.
As such, the community came to be regarded eventually as a mendicant
order along with the Dominicans and the Franciscans.
However, the order had difficulty gaining general acceptance and
suffered much persecution and oppression from secular clergy and other
orders which prompted the monks to have recourse to the Blessed Virgin
in the year 1251.
Tradition says that Our Lady responded to their call through an
apparition to Simon Stock on Sunday July 16th, 1251 as he knelt in
prayer. She appeared holding the Child Jesus in one arm and the brown
scapular in the other hand while uttering the following words:
"Hoc erit tibi et cunctis Carmelitis privilegium, in hoc habitu moriens salvabitur" (This
shall be the privilege for you and for all the Carmelites, that anyone
dying in this habit shall be saved.) On 13 January 1252 the Order
received a letter of protection from Pope Innocent IV, defending them
from harassment.
St. Simon Stock lived a holy life for 100 years and died in the Carmelite monastery at Bordeaux, France on May 16, 1265.
The Brown Scapular
The
scapular of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, also known as the Brown scapular,
is one of the most popular and celebrated of Roman Catholic devotions.
The sacramental as the lay faithful commonly use it is a miniature
derivative of the actual brown scapular used by the Carmelites -the
sleeveless outer garment falling from the shoulders which is worn as a
sign of their vocation and devotion.
As was mentioned, Our Lady gave St. Simon a scapular for the
Carmelites with the following promise, saying : "Receive, My beloved
son, this habit of thy order: this shall be to thee and to all
Carmelites a privilege, that whosoever dies clothed in this shall never
suffer eternal fire …. It shall be a sign of salvation, a protection in
danger, and a pledge of peace."
The Sabbatine Privilege
Attached to the wearing of the Brown Scapular is the
Sabbatine Privilege. The name
Sabbatine Privilege
originates from the apocryphal Bull "Sacratissimo uti culmine" of John
XXII, 3 March, 1322. The papal document declares that the Mother of God
appeared to him, and most urgently recommended to him the Carmelite
Order and its
confratres and
consorores.[
9]
According to Pope John XXII, the Blessed Virgin gave him the
following message in a vision related to those who wear the Brown
Scapular: "I, the Mother of Grace, shall descend on the Saturday (
Sabbath)
after their death and whomsoever I shall find in Purgatory, I shall
free, so that I may lead them to the holy mountain of life everlasting."
Based on Church tradition, three conditions need to be fulfilled to obtain the benefits of this Privilege and the Scapular:
1. Wear the Brown Scapular,
2. Observe chastity according to one’s state in life,
3. And pray the Rosary.
In order to receive the spiritual blessings associated with the
Scapular, it is necessary to be formally enrolled in the Brown Scapular
by either a priest or a lay person who has been given this faculty. Once
enrolled, no other Scapular need be blessed before wearing. The
blessing and imposition are attached to the wearer for life.
Feast Day
The feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel was
instituted by the Carmelites between 1376 and 1386 under the title
"Commemoratio B. Marif Virg. duplex" to celebrate the victory of their
order over its enemies on obtaining the approbation of its name and
constitution from Honorius III on 30 Jan., 1226 (see Colvenerius, "Kal.
Mar.", 30 Jan. "Summa Aurea", III, 737). The feast was assigned to 16
July, because on that date in 1251, according to Carmelite traditions,
the scapular was given by the Blessed Virgin to St. Simon Stock; it was
first approved by Sixtus V in 1587.[
10]
Our Lady of Mount Carmel at Lourdes and Fatima
As if in a gesture of approval and blessing, the
Queen of Heaven and Earth chose to make her last apparition at Lourdes
on July 16th 1858, the feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Likewise, one
cannot fail to recall Sister Lucia’s account while describing the vision
of October 13, 1917 at Fatima: "…it seemed to me I saw Our Lady in a
form similar to Our Lady of Mount Carmel." [
11]
Thus through the centuries Our Lady of Mount Carmel kept a constant
watch over her children, ever solicitous to intercede for them and lead
them to Her Divine Son. Amidst the sea of chaos, confusion and impiety
raging in the world today, may Our Lady of Mount Carmel grant us
strength and fortitude so we may all remain faithful to Her Son and His
Holy Church.
[1] Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Preface and Epistle. [back to text][2] O’Toole, George, "The Religious Order that Defies History," Crusade for A Christian Civilization Magazine, Jan.-Feb. 1978, p. 20 [back to text][3] O’Toole, George, ibid, pp. 20-21 [back to text][4] Brown, Raphael, The Life of Mary As Seen By The Mystics, Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books and Publishers, Inc., 1991, p.65 [back to text][5] Nossa Senhora do Monte Carmelo - Devoção mariana que remonta ao Profeta Elias, Pagina Marianas blog, last visited June 9, 2010 [back to text][6]
Lea, Henry Charles, A History of Auricular Confessions in the Latin
Church, Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and Co., p. 262. On-line copy
accessed on June 10, 2010 at: https://bit.ly/aeNSJf [back to text][7] De la Croix, Paul Marie, O.C.D., "Carmelite Spirituality," https://carmelitesofeldridge.org/spirit.html, last visited: June 9, 2010. [back to text][8] Francois De Sainte-Marie, La Regle du Carmel et son esprit, Edition du Seuil, 1949, p. 33 [back to text][9] New Advent, Catholic Encyclopedia, https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13289b.htm - Last visited June 2010[back to text][10]New Advent, Catholic Encyclopedia, https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10604b.htm -Last visited June 11, 2010 [back to text][11]Solimeo, Luiz Sergio, Fatima: A Message More Urgent then Ever, Spring Grove, PA: The American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property-TFP, 2008, p. 82 [back to text]